Caipora bambuiorum

Caipora bambuiorum is an extinct large New World monkey from the Late Pleistocene of Brazil, the only species of the genus Caipora. It is known from a nearly complete skeleton of a late-stage subadult found in 1992 in the Toca da Boa Vista cave in Bahia by the Grupo Bambuí speleological team, alongside the larger Cartelles. The genus name borrows Caipora, a humanoid forest spirit of Brazilian folklore, and the species name honours the Grupo Bambuí. Even as a subadult its skeleton was more robust than that of any living New World monkey, with very long arms and a rounded braincase, and it is estimated to have weighed about 20.5 kilograms. Researchers regard it as an ateline related to the muriquis and compare its build with the suspensory climbing of spider monkeys and muriquis. Its presence suggests that the region of Bahia carried dense forest in the Late Pleistocene.