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Natural Phenomena

Penitentes

Cryospheric and Ice Phenomena

Tall, thin spikes of hardened snow or ice, packed closely together in fields and often reaching several feet or more in height, formed in high-altitude, cold, dry environments where intense sunlight causes snow to sublimate directly into water vapor rather than melt. Uneven sublimation, amplified as sunlight reflects between adjacent forming spikes, gradually sharpens the field into its distinctive blade-like shapes, most famously across parts of the high Andes.

Facts
Identification
Distinguishing Appearance
Elongated, thin blades of hardened snow or ice, closely spaced and pointing toward the sun 1
Scale
From a few centimetres to over 5 metres long 1
First Described
1839 (Charles Darwin) 1
Sources
1. Penitente (snow formation) - Wikipedia
  • History
    Penitentes were first described in scientific literature by Charles Darwin in 1839.
  • Size
    They range in length from a few centimetres to over 5 metres (16 ft).
  • Definition
    elongated, thin blades of hardened snow or ice, closely spaced and pointing towards the general direction of the sun
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