Svalbard

Svalbard (US: SVAHL-bar(d), UK: also SVAL-, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsvɑ̂ːɫbɑr]), formerly Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago that lies at the convergence of the Arctic Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean.

Seven national parks and 23 nature reserves cover two-thirds of the archipelago, protecting the largely untouched fragile environment

Their northernmost populations lie in the archipelago of Svalbard, Arctic Norway, at 81° N.

Atlantic salmon have spread north to colonise Svalbard (78°N) from 2002-2006 onward, due to the warming of the climate there.

Small numbers breed on Svalbard and sporadically elsewhere in Arctic Eurasia.

Since its introduction in the 1960s, it has spread west along the Norwegian coast and also has reached Svalbard.

The distribution of the North Atlantic nominate subspecies P. b. borealis ranges from New England in the United States, Canada's eastern seaboard (off Newfoundland and Labrador and eastern Baffin Island in Nunavut), southern and eastern Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard, Norway and the North Sea as far south as the English Channel.

This organism contains strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. "Upper Tanana Indians used the whole plant in a poultice applied to the head for headaches".

Its breeding range has extended northward and eastward, with colonies being established on Russia's Kola Peninsula in 1995 and Bear Island (the southernmost island of Svalbard), in 2011.

Fucus serratus is found along the Atlantic coast of Europe from Svalbard to Portugal, in the Canary Islands.

There are two subspecies; A. a. alle breeds in Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard; and A. a. polaris on Franz Josef Land.

Lawrence River and southern Greenland in the west, around Iceland in the centre, and across in the west from northern France to Svalbard; however, they are not well adapted to truly Arctic conditions.

The total population is about 250,000, with the main population breeding in northeastern Canada and wintering along the Atlantic coast of the U.S. from Maine to Georgia, and two smaller populations, one breeding in Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, and northeastern Greenland and wintering in Denmark, northeast England, and Scotland, and the other breeding in the far-northeastern Cana

Three subspecies are recognised: C. h. psammodromus Salomonsen, 1930, Arctic of North Atlantic: Ellesmere Island and Baffin Island (northeast Canada, sporadic); Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands and Svalbard (north of Norway) C. h. hiaticula Linnaeus, 1758, temperate east North Atlantic region: British Isles and northwest France to south Scandinavia and Baltic States C. h. tu

The common murre is 38-46 cm (15-18 in) in length with a 61-73 cm (24-29 in) wingspan.

Breeding on Svalbard, Norway, and wintering almost entirely in Solway Firth on the England/Scotland border, with small numbers elsewhere in the region, particularly around Budle Bay in Northumberland.

R. t. tridactyla (Linnaeus, 1758): North Atlantic Ocean, from high Arctic to temperate coasts, in Greenland, Iceland, west and northwest Europe, Svalbard and northwest New Siberian Islands, the Canadian high Arctic (northeast Canada), Gulf of St.

Ten subspecies are recognised: C. a. actites Nechaev & Tomkovich, 1988-breeds on Sakhalin C. a. alpina (Linnaeus, 1758), breeds in northern Scandinavia, Svalbard, and northwest Siberia C. a. arctica (Schiøler, 1922), breeds in northeast Greenland.

On the Svalbard archipelago in Norway, ribbed bog moss grows on small "bird islands" where eiders, Arctic terns, and other migratory birds nest offshore of the main island, Spitsbergen.

The species reaches its northernmost extent in Svalbard (Norway), where it is the most prevalent Sphagnum species.